A SHORT HISTORY OF INDIA- -ITS HEROES AND INVADERSA SHORT HISTORY OF INDIA—ITS HEROES AND. This relates the invasions, challenges, massacres, and struggles of India’s. India and its. culture.
This is presented to preserve the real history of India. Contents. ALEXANDER AND THE GREEKS. THE ARAB INVASIONS. THE TURKISH INVASION. THE MAMLUK (SLAVE) DYNASTY. THE SAYYID & LODHI DYNASTIES.
THE PORTUGUESE. THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY. THE INITIAL STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE. THE BRITISH RAJ. CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI. HEROES AFTER SHIVAJI. ADDITIONAL HEROES WHO WORKED FOR PROTECTING INDIA AND ITS CULTURE.
The Puranam of Tirugnaanasambandhar (tirugnAnasambandhar nAyanAr purANam - Periyapuranam as English poetry) 'A servitor am I to the servitors of Lord Sambandhan.
HALL OF SHAME (Muslim Rulers and Criminals Against India). For more than two millennia, India has suffered one bloody invasion after. Holocaust of millions of lives and a civilization and. No other ancient civilization has retained its. Abrahamic. monotheist religions.
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Apellidos y escudos de armas de linajes hispanos, con m. Concentration Camp Lists. Afghanistan: Land of the Afghans Beatrix (Wilhelmina Armgard) (b. 31, 1938, Soestdijk palace, Baarn, Utrecht province, Netherlands), queen of the Netherlands (1980-2013). She was the eldest of. Full text of 'A dictionary, Hindustani and English, and English and Hindustani, the latter being entirely new' See other formats. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be.
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Here we present. a brief overview of the history of the foreign invasions and occupations of. India. ALEXANDER. AND THE GREEKS 3. B. C. E. At the time, King Taxiles ruled a large area in India.
Alexander asked the. The first 1. 6 invasion attempts utterly failed. He arrived at Debal, a port city near the.
Karachi, in 7. 11. There he was bolstered by the arrival of his. This was followed by his conquest of. Alor, located north of Hyderabad in June 7. In the fighting before Aror.
Raja D. The next year he also conquered the important city. Multan. In part. this was caused by internal division. Arab control thereafter rapidly. Arabs. The Arabs also met stiff resistance from neighboring Indian. When an Arab governor of Sindh, Junaid, sought to seize Kacch and.
Malwa, he was foiled by the Pratihara and Gurjara kings. The Arabs were thus. Sindh, but they were able to maintain their hold on. As a result, little. Turks. from north- west. Bengal. remained under the control of the Palas and later, the Senas. It was these rivalries which made it impossible for the Rajput.
Ghaznavids from the Punjab. In fact, the. Ghaznavids felt strong enough to make raids even up to Ujjain. The Rajput rulers protected the. Between the tenth and. India reached. it's climax. Most of these temples were built by the.
Chandellas, who ruled in the area from the beginning of the ninth to the end. In Orissa, magnificent examples of temple. Lingaraja temple (1.
Sun temple of. Konark (1. The famous Jagannath temple at Puri also belongs to. Mahmud of. Mahmud of Ghazni raided the country in 1. AD, with his first great victory. Hindushahi kings of Peshawar. The muslim. rulers of Multan were the second targets. In a short period of 2.
India. From the Punjab, Mahmud raided. Nagarkot in the Punjab hills and Thanesar near Delhi. No attempt was made to annex any. The rich spoils from the temples, which were repositories of. Ghazni with palaces. He died in Ghazni in 1. Muhammad of. The second Turkish attack was led by Mu'izzu'd- Din Muhammad (also known as.
Muhammad Ghuri), who conquered Sindh and Lahore in 1. Soon after, he. commenced his attack on the Rajput kingdoms. Prithviraj Chauhan successfully. Rajputs against Ghuri at the first battle of Tarain in 1. AD. Before Ghuri's. Turkish control had been established along the whole.
Ganga. Bihar and Bengal were also overrun. For almost one hundred years after that, the Delhi.
Sultanate was involved in foreign invasions, internal conflicts among the. Turkish leaders and the dispossessed Rajput rulers and chiefs to regain. He played an important part in the expansion of the.
Turkish sultanate in India after the battle of Tarrain. This helped to prevent India being drawn into central. Delhi Sultanate to.
Thus, the principle of heredity, of son. Iltutmish must be regarded. Turkish conquests in north India. He introduced Iqta - grant of revenue from a territory in. He maintained a central army and introduced coins of Tanka. Jital (copper). The famous Qutub Minar was completed during his.
He despatched an expedition against the Chalukyas of Gujarat but it. They periodically. Indus to attack Punjab and Iltutmish had to keep constant. Raziya was the First and only Muslim lady to. Delhi Throne. In order to assert her claim, Raziya had to contend.
Turkish nobles, and could. She sent an expedition.
Ranthambhor to control the Rajputs, and successfully established law. In 1. 23. 9 AD, an internal. Raziya was imprisoned and killed by bandits. During the earlier period he held the position of naib or deputy to.
Nasiruddin Mahmud, a younger son of Iltultmish. He broke the Chahalgami and. Sultan all important. He was the first ruler to put forward the view. Indians were Hindus, the state cannot be truly. Islamic. By harsh methods, he cowed down the nobles and. He was ambitious and dreamt.
India empire. Over a twenty. Malwa, Gujarat and Rajasthan was.
To solve the water problems in summer, he. Baolis (Wells). His famous general Malik Kafur led the. AD - 1. 31. 2 AD) to the south and defeated the Yadavas of. Deogiri, the Kakityas of Warangal and the Hoysalas of Dwarasamudra. His military success was. He revoked all grants made by previous sultans, introduced.
The sultan's permission was necessary before marriage could be. No further rebellion took place during. As the old nobility was destroyed, the new nobility was taught to. Delhi. THE TUGHLAQS. C. E. Ghyasuddin's (1. AD - . 1. 32. 5 AD) campaign to Warrangal, Orissa and Bengal were directed towards this.
He built the city Tughlaqabad near Delhi. As the Iqta holders were permitted their earlier perquisites. He extended the kingdom beyond India, into Central Asia.
Though the rebellion was suppressed, the. He decided to issue token coins in brass. But due to the absence. The plan ended in failure because of discontent amongst those who had. Deogir and Muhammad also found that he could not keep.
Due to this, in 1. Pandyan kingdom (Madurai) rejected the authority of the sultanate and this.
Warangal. In 1. 33. Vijayanagara empire and in 1. Bahamani kingdom were founded. They built magnificent capitals and cities. Thus. while the forces of disintegration gradually triumphed in north India, south. India and the Deccan had a long spell of stable government. Having become. sultan with the support of the nobles and the theologians, he had to appease.
His death was followed by civil war among his descendants. Timur returned to. Asia leaving his nominee to rule in the Punjab. THE SAYYID &. LODHI DYNASTIES 1. C. E. Timurs nominee. Delhi and was proclaimed the new sultan and the first of Sayyid.
Dynasty (1. 41. 4 AD - 1. AD), which was to rule the earlier half of the. They kept the machinery going until a more capable dynasty, the.
Lodhis, took over. The Lodhis were of pure Afghan origin, and brought. Turkish nobility.
Bahlul Lodhi. established himself in Punjab after the Timur's invasion. The most important. Lodhi Sultan was Sikandar Lodhi (1. Ganga. Valley as far as Bengal. He moved his capital from Delhi, to be able to. Agra. This lead to his making enemies.
Finally they plotted with Babar and succeeded in. Panipat. Islam now actively influenced most facets. The Hindu elite adopted the purdha system and their language began. Arabic script, leading to a new language, Urdu. Calligraphy. came into its own and was raised to the highest form of aesthetic. South of the kingdom was the Vijayanagara Empire with which it had.
He was well acquainted with religious and. He wanted to make the Deccan the cultural centre of India. Firuz Shah was compelled to abdicate in favour of his brother. Ahmad Shah I, who was called a saint (wali) on account of his association. Sufi Gesu Daraz. He invaded Warangal and annexed most of its. The. Bahamani kingdom gradually extended and reached its climax under the prime.
Mahmud Gawan (1. 46. AD - 1. 48. 1 AD). One of the most difficult. Bahamanis was a strife.
Deccanis (old- comers) and Afaqis or. His broad policy of. In. 1. 48. 2, Gawan who was over seventy years, was. Sultan Muhammad Shah of the Deccan. Later on, Imad Shahi was conquered by Nizamshah (1.
AD) and Barid. Shahi was annexed by Adilshah (1. AD). These three kingdoms played a. Deccan politics till their absorption in the Mughal. It was. Aurangzeb, the Mughal king, who after the death of Shivaji, marched towards.
Bijapur (1. 68. 6 AD) and Golconda (1. AD) and brought. an end to the Bahamani kingdom. The. Bahamanis, in many respects were similar to the Delhi sultanate.
Their. income came almost entirely from land and the administration revolved around. The culture which developed as a result had its own specific features. India. THE MUGHALS. C. E. In. this cultural development, the Indian traditions were amalgamated with the. Turko- Iranian culture, brought to the country by the Mughals.
He was invited to India to fight against Ibrahim Lodhi. He. confronted and defeated Lodhi in 1. Panipat. He wrote Tuzuk- i- Babari an autobiography. India, in Turkish. Humayun. (1. 53. 0 AD - 1.
AD). He inherited a vast unconsolidated empire and an empty treasury. He also had. to deal with the growing power of the Afghan Sher Shah, from the east. Bihar and Bengal under him. Sher Shah. defeated Humayun in Kannauj (1.
AD) and Humayun passed the next twelve. In 1. 55. 5, after Sher Shah's death, Humayun regained the. He was such a good builder that the edifice he had.
Indian music was adopted as a. Muslim Courts and the nobility. Ibrahim Adil Shah, the ruler of Bijapur, wrote a. Hindi on Indian music.
Akbar (1. 55. 6. AD - 1. AD). He consolidated the occupying Mughal empire.
His first conflict was. Hemu, a general of Adil Shah, under whom the Afghan resistance had. King Hemu was the only one Hindu King who ever ruled the Delhi. Throne in Indian History. At the second battle of Panipat (1.
AD), Hemu. was defeated and Akbar reoccupied Delhi and Agra. Akbar annexed Malwa and.
Rajasthan under his control. He built the Buland. Darwaza, after his successful campaign in dominating Gujarat. Most of the. Rajputs were forced to recognise his suzerainty, except Mewar, which. Rana Pratap and his son Amar Singh.
Initially it was open only to the Sunnis but later. However, in 1. 58. Ibadat- Khana. Akbar did not create a new religion. Islam in a supreme position.
Write for Smarthistory. Lists. In Process (completed by author & now ready for Beth and Steven to edit and publish). Terra cotta fragment, Lapita. Solomon Islands, Reef Islands 1.
B. C. E. Ink, opaque watercolor, and gold on paper. Aga Khan Museum, Toronto. Cultural Property issues (NAZI). Morisot, Summer's Day, 1. National Gallery (London).
Bibliographies for medieval periods. Su Nuraxi di Barumini. Alfredo Jaar, Logo for America, 1. Altneushul, Prague (Carol Krinsky). William Van Alen, Chrysler Building. Basawan and Chatar Muni, Akbar and the Elephant Hawai, folio 2. Akbarnama, by Paul Fazl (V& A).
Feathered Serpent Pyramid, Teotihuacan. Eagle Warrior, Aztec.
Turquoise Mosaic, Aztec. Kehinde Wiley, Napoleon Leading the Army over the Alps.
Marcel Duchamp, Nude Descending a Staircase, No 2 1. Frans Hals, The Women Regents, c. Marsden Hartley, Portrait of a German Officer, 1. Arch of Constantine, Rome (c. CE). Introduction to the Spanish Americas.
Kyivan Rus by Nazar Kozak. Intro to Christianity in Ethiopia. Manet, Olympia, 1.
Folding Screen with Conquest of Mexico and View of Mexico City, second half of 1. Coursed granite blocks. Nasca Geoglyphs, Nasca, Peru. Walter de Maria, Lightening Field, 1. Africa ed guide essays. Reliquary Guardian Figure (bieri), Fang, Gabob, late 1.
Philadelphia Museum of Art). Male and Female figures (probably bush spirits), Baule (Metropolitan Museum of Art) - Gardner. Female mask, Mende, Sierra Leone, mid to late 2. Fowler Museum of Cultural History, UCLA). D'mba mask, Baga, Guinea, late 1. Yale University Art Gallery). Olowe of Ise, doors from the Shrine of the kings head in the royal palace, Ikere, Yoruba, Nigeria, 1.
British Museum, London). Ndop of the Kuba King Shyaam a. Mbul a. Ngoong from Democratic Republic of Congo, c. British Museum London). All the rest of the Africa material from the handbook. Published (on ka.
Gold and jade crown. Three Kingdoms Period, Silla Kingdom, Korea.
Fifth to sixth century C. E. Late 1. 8th century (British Museum). Rachel Ruysch, Flowers Still Life, after 1. Toledo Museum of Art). Euthymides, Three Revelers, c.
BCE (Munich). Vanessa Troiano- Hanging Ornament (Islamic Arts class). Portraits of Inca Kings, mid 1. Master of Calamarca (La Paz School), before 1. Church of Sainte. Reggio Calabria).
Faith Ringgold, Dancing at the Louvre, French Collection series, Part I; #1, 1. The Imperial Fora. Cuzco School, Saint Joseph and the Christ Child, late 1. Peru, oil on canvas (Brooklyn Museum). Introduction to Romanesque Art. Maria Mart. Nativity (Uffizi).
Artemisia Gentileschi, Judith Cutting of the Head of Holofernes (Uffizi) and with Her Maidservant (Detroit). Bosch, The Garden of Earthly Delights. Roman Wall Painting styles.
Ndop, King Mishe mi. Shyaang ma. Mbul. San Diego). Pollaiuolo, Battle of the Ten Nudes, c. Met). Introduction to Ancient Roman art.
Great Mosque (Masjid. Islamic, Persian: Seljuk, Il.
C. E.; additions and restorations in the 1. El Greco, View of Toledo, 1. Metropolitan). Kiki Smith, Lying with the Wolf, 2.
Centre Pompidou, Paris). Fuseli, The Nightmare (Detroit).
Mary Cassatt, The Coiffure, 1. Portrait of Eleonora and her Son Giovanni de' Medici, Bronzino. Edward Hopper, Nightwawks, oil on canvas, 1. Uffizi). Frederick Leighton, The Bath of Psyche, 1. Tate). Borobudur Temple. Central Java, Indonesia. Attributed to Juan Rodr.
Paul Cezanne, Mont Sainte- Victoire, 1. Xu Bing, A Book from the Sky, 1. Peru. 1. 07. 0. Rodin, Burghers of Calais, bronze 1. Palmyra - - Temple of Baalshamin. Munch, The Scream, 1.
Munch Museum). Second Coming of Christ on S. Portal tympanum and trummeau, church of Saint- Pierre, Moissac. Albers, Homage to the Square. Yinka Shonibare, The Swing (after Fragonard), 2. Tate). Folio from a Qur. Arab, North Africa, or Near East.
Ink, color, and gold on parchment. Morgan Library. Alfred Stieglitz, The Steerage, 1. Power figure (Nkisi n. Kongo peoples (DR Congo). Isabel 1. 88. 2. Stepanova, Ill . The Results of the First Five- Year Plan,1.
Museum of the Rev, Moscow). Julie Mehretu, Stadia II, 2. Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh). Russel Wright, American Modern pitcher, 1. Bernard II van Risenburgh, Writing Table, ca.
El Anatsui, Old Man. Hokusai, Under the Wave off Kanagawa from Thirty- six Views of Mount Fuji, 1.
Sixth or early seventh century C. E., St. Catherine's Monastery, Sinai, Egypt. Jahangir Preferring a Sufi Shaikh to Kings. Watercolor, gold, and ink on paper.
Freer Sackler. British Museum. Doris Salcedo, Shibboleth, 2. C. E., Shiva as Lord of Dance (Metropolitan Museum of Art). Guido Reni, Aurora, 1. Casino Rospiglioso, Rome). Leon Battista Alberti, Palazzo Rucellai. George Catlin, The White Cloud, Head Chief of the Iowas, 1.
Michelangelo, Sistine frescos with focus on The Flood and the Delphic Sibyl. Piero della Francesca, Resurrection, 1. Piero della Francesca Flagellation, c. Identity Politics. Jos. 1. 78. 5 (Richmond). Bushel with Ibex Motifs, 4.
AH /6. 70 CE), Kairouan, Tunisia. Frankenthaler, The Bay, 1. Jean- Antoine Houdon, George Washington, 1. Watts, Minotaur (Ben Pollitt). Dante. Musei Capitolini, Rome - see SH video.
Frontispiece, Codex Mendoza, Bodleian Libraries, Oxford. Life- Death Figure, Huastec, sandstone with traces of pigment, 9. Brooklyn Museum). Taj Mahal - essay. Charles Demuth, The Figure 5 in Gold, 1. David, Oath of the Horatii, 1.
John Nash, Royal Pavilion, Brighton, 1. Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlan (Mexico) (Aztec).
Coyolxauhqui Stone, and Olmec- Style mask. Rarotonga, Cook Islands, central Polynesia.
Late 1. 8th/early 1. Contextual image: staff god).
Navigation chart. Marshall Islands, Micronesia. Malagan display and mask. New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea.
Basin (Baptist. Brass inlaid with gold and silver. Louvre. Sarcophagus of the Spouses. Michael the Archangel in Huejotzingo, Puebla, Mexico. BCE, marble (Palazzo Torlonia, Rome).
Rauschenberg, Canyon, 1. Gauguin, Where Do We Come From? Kwakiutl, Late 1.
Musee du Quai Branly, Paris). Longmen caves. 4. B. C. E.). Caere - Tomb of the Reliefs (Tomba dei Rilievi) third century B.
C. E. Lenape (eastern Delaware) tribe. Central Highlands, Peru.
Calendar Stone (Mexico) (Aztec). Oldenburg, Lipstick (Ascending) on Caterpillar Tracks. National Gallery of Art, Washington (1. Felix Gonzalez- Torres, Untitled (billboard of an empty bed), 1. Serra, Tilted Arc, 1. Henry Ossawa Tanner, Angels Appearing before the Shepherds, c.
Smithsonian Museum of Am. Art. Mesa Verde cliff dwellings, Colorado.
C. E.; rebuilt 1. Early sixth century C. E. Forum of Trajan and markets: 1. Basilica Ulpia). Bahram Gur in a Peasant.
Central Mexico, site of Tlatilco. BCE. Shirin Neshat (artist); photo by Cynthia Preston, Rebellious Silence, from the, Women of Allah series, 1. Chairman Mao en Route to Anyuan, Artist unknown, based on oil painting by Liu Chunhua. Pepon Osorio, En la Barberia no se Llora (No Crying Allowed in the Barbershop), 1. White Temple and its ziggurat.
Uruk (modern Warka, Iraq). Vatican). Ingres, Grande Odalisque, 1. Hubert and Jan van Eyck, Ghent Altarpiece, 1. Emily Kame Kngwarreye, Earth. National Museum of Australia, Canberra). Hall of the Bulls.
Lascaux, France, 1. BCE - 3. 00 CE (Michael C. Carlos Museum, Emory University). Palmyrene Funerary Portraiture. Frank Gehry, Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, 1. Venus of Willendorf.
Titian, Pastoral Symphony, c 1. Louvre). Female deity.
Buddha. Cut rock with plaster and polychrome paint. Apollo 1. 1 Cave Stones (State Museum Namibia). Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People, 1. Cassone with Conquest of Trebizond (Met), c. Portrait of Sin Sukju, Imperial Bureau of Painting. Hanging scroll. Uche Okeke: from Zaria to Nsukka. San Esteban del Rey, church and convento, Acoma Pueblo, NM, c.
Presentation of Fijian mats and tapa cloths to Queen Elizabeth II. Multimedia performance (costume; cosmetics, including scent; chant; movement; and pandanus fiber/hibiscus fiber mats), photographic documentation.
Various artists, Unkei & Keikei, & Kei School. Low- fired clay, 4' 3 1/4. Tokyo National Museum, Tokyo. Sistine Chapel). Jean- Michel Basquiat, Horn Players, 1. Broad Art Foundation, Santa Monica). Petrus Christus, A Goldsmith in his Shop, 1.
Metropolitan). Lukasa (memory board), Mbudye Society, Luba peoples (DR Congo). NMA. Ben Shahn, The Passion of Sacco and Vanzetti, 1.
Palladio and Scamozzi, Teatro Olimpico, Vicenza, 1. Muromachi Period, Japan. Annibale Carracci, Christ appearing to Saint Peter on the Appian Way (1. National Gallery, London (NG9) Link: http: //www. Otto Wagner, Postal Savings Bank, 1. Ingres, Portrait of Napoleon on the Imperial Throne, 1. John Singleton Copley, Boy with a Squirrel, 1.
Enthroned Virgin and Child. The Cloisters Collection).
John Singleton Copley, Paul Revere, 1. Apadiana and Apadiana stairway. Anthropomorphic stele ( El- Maakir- Qaryat al- Kaafa), 4th mill. Handscroll, ink on paper.
Abe collection, Osaka City Museum of Fine Arts. Van Dyck - Dulwich. Aniconic depiction of Buddha reaching enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, from Bharhut or Sanchi (compare with iconic Gandhara depiction of Buddha reaching enlightenment) Sunga/Kushan Period. Capitoline Wolf (Rome, c. BCE). Essays on Hinduism and Buddhism from Melody. Camelid Sacrum in the Shape of a Canine (National Museum of Anthrology, Mexico City). William Sidney Mount, Bargaining for a Horse, oil on canvas, c.
Gregory 1. 53. 9. David, Napoleon in his study. Limbourg Brothers, Tres Riches Heures. Richard Caton Woodville, War News from Mexico, oil on canvas. Dumbarton Oaks, D.
C.). Maison Carr. BCE). Monet, Gare St Lazare, Arrival of Train, 1.
Fogg). Marlene Dumas, Models, 1. Mo. MA). Perrault et al, East facade of the Louvre, 1. Night Attack on the Sanj. Kamakura Period, Japan. Chiapas, Mexico, Mayan. Lintel 2. 5- structure 2.
Portrait mask (Mblo). Late 1. 9th- early 2. Jowo Rinpoche, Jokhang Temple, Lhasa, Tibet. Yarlung Dynasty, brought to Tibet in 6. Gilt metals with semiprecious stones, pearls, and paint; various offerings. MFA, Boston). Attributed to Zhou Fang, Court Ladies Wearing Flowered Headdresses, late 8th- early 9th c.
Liaoning Provincial Museum, Shenyang. Hindu, Chandella Dynasty. BCE). Introduction to the Maya. Cluny III), France.